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4-1 列表的定义
列表的定义是使用[]，中间元素使用，隔开
嵌套列表：
In [69]: type([[1, 2], [3, &#39;a">
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                <p>本章详细讲解了“组”的概念，以及在Python中用来表示“组”的一些类型，包括：元组、列表、集合和字典。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h3 id="4-1-列表的定义"><a class="header-anchor" href="#4-1-列表的定义"></a>4-1 列表的定义</h3>
<p>列表的定义是使用<code>[]</code>，中间元素使用<code>，</code>隔开</p>
<p>嵌套列表：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [69]: type([[1, 2], [3, 'a'], [True, False]])
Out[69]: list
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>在其他语言里叫做二维数组</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="4-2-列表的基本操作"><a class="header-anchor" href="#4-2-列表的基本操作"></a>4-2 列表的基本操作</h3>
<p><strong>切片操作</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>当切片操作取出的是一个元素时：返回的类型为该元素的类型，元素类型可能是字符串、数字、字典、列表、元组、集合等等</li>
<li>当分片操作取出的是多个元素时：返回的是列表类型</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>这就造成了返回类型不可控的局面，慎重考虑！</strong></p>
<p>列表有加法和乘法，没有减法：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [70]: [1]+[2]
Out[70]: [1, 2]

In [71]: [1]*3
Out[71]: [1, 1, 1]

In [72]: [1,2]-[1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
&lt;ipython-input-72-474fcf9021a3&gt; in &lt;module&gt;()
----&gt; 1 [1,2]-[1]

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'list'
</code></pre>
<h3 id="4-3-元组"><a class="header-anchor" href="#4-3-元组"></a>4-3 元组</h3>
<p>元组的定义是使用<code>()</code>，中间元素用<code>,</code>隔开</p>
<p>元组支持切片操作</p>
<p>元组有加法和乘法，没有减法</p>
<p><strong>有趣的现象</strong>：元组只有一个元素的时候</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [75]: type((1))
Out[75]: int

In [76]: type([1])
Out[76]: list

In [78]: type(('hello'))
Out[78]: str
    
In [79]: type(([1]))
Out[79]: list
</code></pre>
<p>因为<code>()</code>即表示元组，同样也是数学运算的括号，</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [80]: (1+1)*2
Out[80]: 4
</code></pre>
<p><code>Python</code>硬性规定：如果<strong>括号</strong>内只有一个元素，则将其识别为数学运算的括号。</p>
<p>那么问题来了，如何定义只有一个元素的元组呢？</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [83]: (1)
Out[83]: 1

In [84]: (1,)
Out[84]: (1,)

In [85]: type((1,))
Out[85]: tuple
</code></pre>
<p>如何定义空元组呢？</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [87]: ()
Out[87]: ()

In [88]: type(())
Out[88]: tuple

In [89]: (,)
  File &quot;&lt;ipython-input-89-6460e6fcb99d&gt;&quot;, line 1
    (,)
     ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax


In [90]: type((,))
  File &quot;&lt;ipython-input-90-21eccbe9b1de&gt;&quot;, line 1
    type((,))
          ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
</code></pre>
<h3 id="4-4-序列总结"><a class="header-anchor" href="#4-4-序列总结"></a>4-4 序列总结</h3>
<p><code>str</code>字符串、<code>list</code>列表、<code>tuple</code>元组都是序列</p>
<p>序列里的每个元素都会分配一个序号，序列支持切片操作。</p>
<p>序列支持加法、乘法，不支持减法、除法。</p>
<p>序列还支持 <code>in</code>、<code>not in</code>操作：</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [91]: 's' in 'str'
Out[91]: True

In [92]: 's' not in 'str'
Out[92]: False

In [93]: 1 in (1,2,3)
Out[93]: True

In [94]: 1 not in (1,2,3)
Out[94]: False

In [95]: 3 in [1,2,3]
Out[95]: True

In [96]: 4 in [1,2,3]
Out[96]: False
</code></pre>
<p><code>len</code>、<code>max</code>、<code>min</code> 操作</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [97]: len([1,2,3,4,5,])
Out[97]: 5

In [98]: len('hello world')
Out[98]: 11

In [99]: max([1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
Out[99]: 7

In [100]: max('hello world')
Out[100]: 'w'

In [101]: max([1,2,3,4,5,])
Out[101]: 5

In [102]: min([1,2,3,4,5,])
Out[102]: 1

In [104]: min('hello world')
Out[104]: ' '
    
In [105]: min('helloworld')
Out[105]: 'd'
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>如何将字符转换成ASCII 码？使用 <code>ord()</code>函数</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [106]: ord('w')
Out[106]: 119

In [107]: ord('d')
Out[107]: 100
    
In [110]: ord(' ')
Out[110]: 32
</code></pre>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="4-5-set-集合"><a class="header-anchor" href="#4-5-set-集合"></a>4-5 set 集合</h3>
<h4 id="set的定义"><a class="header-anchor" href="#set的定义"></a><code>set</code>的定义</h4>
<ul>
<li>使用<code>{}</code>，中间元素使用<code>，</code>隔开</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [111]: type({1,3,4,2,6})
Out[111]: set
</code></pre>
<h4 id="set的特点"><a class="header-anchor" href="#set的特点"></a><code>set</code>的特点</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>特点一</strong>：无序</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>特点二</strong>：不重复</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [112]: {1,1,2,2,3,3}
Out[112]: {1, 2, 3}
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="set的普通操作"><a class="header-anchor" href="#set的普通操作"></a><code>set</code>的普通操作</h4>
<ul>
<li><code>len</code>、<code>in</code>、<code>not in</code></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="set的特色操作"><a class="header-anchor" href="#set的特色操作"></a><code>set</code>的特色操作</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p>差集：<code>-</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [122]: {1,2,3,4,5} - {3,4}
Out[122]: {1, 2, 5}
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>交集：<code>&amp;</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [123]: {1,2,3,4,5} &amp; {3,4}
Out[123]: {3, 4}
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>合集或者并集：<code>|</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [124]: {1,2,3,4,5} | {3,4,8,9}
Out[124]: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9}
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="定义空set"><a class="header-anchor" href="#定义空set"></a>定义空<code>set</code></h4>
<pre><code class="language-python"># 错误的方法
In [125]: type({})
Out[125]: dict

# 正确的方法
In [126]: set()
Out[126]: set()

In [127]: type(set())
Out[127]: set
</code></pre>
<h4 id="set访问内部元素"><a class="header-anchor" href="#set访问内部元素"></a><code>set</code>访问内部元素</h4>
<p><code>set</code>中的元素获取是通过迭代实现的，具体实现课采取两种方法：</p>
<ol>
<li>通过iterator()</li>
<li>泛型中的迭代处理</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="4-6-dict-字典"><a class="header-anchor" href="#4-6-dict-字典"></a>4-6 dict 字典</h3>
<h4 id="dict的定义"><a class="header-anchor" href="#dict的定义"></a><code>dict</code>的定义</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p>使使用<code>{}</code>，中间的元素时<code>key:value</code>形式，元素之间使用<code>，</code>隔开</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">{key1:value1, key2:value2, key3:value3,...}
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="dict的类型"><a class="header-anchor" href="#dict的类型"></a><code>dict</code>的类型</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p>字典是集合类型，是无序的。</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [128]: a = {'name':'bob','age':22,'sex':'man'}

In [129]: a
Out[129]: {'age': 22, 'name': 'bob', 'sex': 'man'}
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="dict最常用的操作"><a class="header-anchor" href="#dict最常用的操作"></a><code>dict</code>最常用的操作</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p>通过 <code>key</code>来访问 <code>value</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [130]: a['age']
Out[130]: 22

In [131]: a['name']
Out[131]: 'bob'

In [132]: a['sex']
Out[132]: 'man'
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="dict的重要特性"><a class="header-anchor" href="#dict的重要特性"></a><code>dict</code>的重要特性</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>dict</code>是不能有相同<code>key</code>，后加进来的相同<code>key</code>的<code>value</code>会将之前的 <code>value</code>覆盖；</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [133]: a
Out[133]: {'age': 22, 'name': 'bob', 'sex': 'man'}

In [134]: a = {'name':'bob','age':22,'sex':'man','name':'nick'}

In [135]: a
Out[135]: {'age': 22, 'name': 'nick', 'sex': 'man'}
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>dict</code>的 <code>key</code>是分类型的；</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">In [136]: {'age': 22, 'name': 'nick', 'sex': 'man'}
Out[136]: {'age': 22, 'name': 'nick', 'sex': 'man'}

# '1'是字符串类型，1是数字类型，两个 key 不相同
In [137]: {'1': 22, 1:22,'name': 'nick', 'sex': 'man'}
Out[137]: {'1': 22, 1: 22, 'name': 'nick', 'sex': 'man'}

In [138]: {'1': 22, 1:22,'name': 'nick', 'sex': 'man'}['1']
Out[138]: 22

In [139]: {'1': 22, 1:22,'name': 'nick', 'sex': 'man'}[1]
Out[139]: 22
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>dict</code>的 <code>value</code>可以使任意类型：<code>list</code>、<code>number</code>、<code>tuple</code>、<code>str</code>、<code>dict</code>、<code>set</code>等等；</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>dict</code>的 <code>key</code>必须是不可变的类型：<code>number</code>、<code>str</code>、<code>tuple</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Python 中的数据类型按照可变与不可变分类：</p>
<ul>
<li>可变数据类型：<code>list</code>、<code>dict</code>、<code>set</code></li>
<li>不可变数据类型：<code>number</code>、<code>str</code>、<code>tuple</code></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="定义空-dict"><a class="header-anchor" href="#定义空-dict"></a>定义空 <code>dict</code></h4>
<ul>
<li><code>{}</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="4-7-思维导图总结基本数据类型"><a class="header-anchor" href="#4-7-思维导图总结基本数据类型"></a>4-7 思维导图总结基本数据类型</h3>
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变量命名的可读性要强！变量在 Python里就是一个名字。
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